Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatric Neuroradiology, 4th Edition

Covering the entire spectrum of this fast-changing field, Diagnostic Imaging: Pediatrics, fourth edition, is an invaluable resource for pediatric radiologists, general radiologists, and trainees―anyone who requires an easily accessible, highly visual reference on today’s pediatric imaging. Dr. A. Carlson Merrow, Jr., and his team of highly regarded experts provide up-to-date information on recent advances in technology and safety in the imaging of children to help you make informed decisions at the point of care. The text is lavishly illustrated, delineated, and referenced, making it a useful learning tool as well as a handy reference for daily practice.

• Serves as a one-stop resource for key concepts and information on pediatric imaging, including a wealth of new material and content updates on more than 400 diagnoses

• Features more than 2,500 illustrations, including radiologic images, full-color illustrations, endoscopic and bronchoscopic photographs, clinical photos, and gross pathology images

• Features updates from cover to cover, including specifics from revised disease classifications, new terminology, and best practice recommendations for radiologic reporting

• Reflects evolving imaging technology in conjunction with increased awareness of radiation, contrast, and anesthesia safety in children, and how these advances continue to alter pediatric imaging approaches

• Uses bulleted, succinct text and highly templated chapters for quick comprehension of essential information at the point of care

• Includes an enhanced eBook version that allows you to search all text, figures, and references on a variety of devices

SECTION 1: BRAIN

PATHOLOGY-BASED DIAGNOSES

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS

4 Approach to Brain Malformations

Luke L. Linscott, MD

8 Dandy-Walker Continuum

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

12 Rhombencephalosynapsis

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Blaise V. Jones, MD, and Anne G.

Osborn, MD, FACR

16 Unclassified Cerebellar Dysplasias

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD

18 Molar Tooth Malformations (Joubert)

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC, and

Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

22 Cerebellar Dysplastic Gangliocytoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

26 Cerebellar Hypoplasia

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

30 Holoprosencephaly

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC, and

Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

34 Syntelencephaly (Middle Interhemispheric Variant)

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC

38 Septo-Optic Dysplasia

Luke L. Linscott, MD

42 Commissural Abnormalities

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC

46 Congenital Microcephaly

Kevin R. Moore, MD

50 Congenital Muscular Dystrophy

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

54 Heterotopic Gray Matter

Luke L. Linscott, MD

56 Polymicrogyria

Luke L. Linscott, MD

60 Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Luke L. Linscott, MD

62 Lissencephaly

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

64 Schizencephaly

Luke L. Linscott, MD

68 Hemimegalencephaly

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

70 DNET

Luke L. Linscott, MD

74 Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Brain

Luke L. Linscott, MD

78 Neurofibromatosis Type 2, Brain

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Gilbert Vézina, MD

82 von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Gilbert Vézina, MD

86 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Luke L. Linscott, MD

90 Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Luke L. Linscott, MD

94 Meningioangiomatosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

96 Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Gilbert Vézina, MD

100 Neurocutaneous Melanosis

Luke L. Linscott, MD

104 Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC

108 Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Gilbert Vézina, MD

TRAUMA

112 Neonatal Subpial Hemorrhage

Kevin R. Moore, MD

116 Epidural Hematoma, Classic

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA

120 Acute Subdural Hematoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD, and Anne

G. Osborn, MD, FACR

124 Evolving Subdural Hematoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC, and A.

James Barkovich, MD

128 Cerebral Contusion

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

132 Diffuse Axonal Injury

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

136 Subcortical Injury

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA

140 Abusive Head Trauma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

STROKE

144 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage

Luke L. Linscott, MD

148 Hydranencephaly

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

150 White Matter Injury of Prematurity

Luke L. Linscott, MD

154 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Luke L. Linscott, MD

158 Childhood Stroke

Luke L. Linscott, MD

162 Sickle Cell Disease, Brain

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anna Illner, MD

166 Moyamoya

Luke L. Linscott, MD

VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

170 Arteriovenous Malformation

Luke L. Linscott, MD

174 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

Luke L. Linscott, MD

178 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation

Luke L. Linscott, MD

182 Developmental Venous Anomaly

Luke L. Linscott, MD

188 Sinus Pericranii

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Anna Illner, MD

192 Cavernous Malformation

Luke L. Linscott, MD

196 Capillary Telangiectasia

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

NEOPLASMS

200 Pilocytic Astrocytoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

204 Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

208 Pediatric-Type Diffuse High-Grade Gliomas

Luke L. Linscott, MD

212 Glioblastoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

216 Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

John H. Rees, MD

220 Brainstem Tumors

Luke L. Linscott, MD

224 Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

228 Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Karen L. Salzman, MD

232 Supratentorial Ependymoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

236 Infratentorial Ependymoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

240 Embryonal Tumors With Multilayered Rosettes

Luke L. Linscott, MD

244 Choroid Plexus Papilloma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

248 Choroid Plexus Carcinoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

252 Ganglioglioma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

256 Desmoplastic Infantile Tumors

Luke L. Linscott, MD

260 Pineoblastoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Laurie A. Loevner, MD

264 Medulloblastoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

268 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor

Luke L. Linscott, MD

272 Metastatic Neuroblastoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Chang Yueh Ho, MD

276 Leukemia

Luke L. Linscott, MD

280 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Skull and Brain

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Gary L. Hedlund, DO

284 Germinoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

288 Teratoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS

292 Arachnoid Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD

296 Dermoid Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Chang Yueh Ho, MD

300 Epidermoid Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and

Gregory L. Katzman, MD, MBA

304 Neuroglial Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

306 Enlarged Perivascular Spaces

Luke L. Linscott, MD

310 Pineal Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD

314 Choroid Plexus Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

318 Ependymal Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

320 Porencephalic Cyst

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

324 Neurenteric Cyst

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

326 Lipoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD, A. James Barkovich, MD, and Surjith

Vattoth, MD, FRCR

INFECTIOUS, INFLAMMATORY, AND DEMYELINATING DISEASE

330 Congenital CMV

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA,

and Gary L. Hedlund, DO

334 Congenital HIV

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

336 Neonatal Herpes Encephalitis

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Gary L. Hedlund, DO

338 Group B Streptococcal Meningitis

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Gary L. Hedlund, DO

342 Citrobacter Meningitis

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Gary L. Hedlund, DO

346 Parechovirus Encephalitis

Luke L. Linscott, MD

348 Abscess, Brain

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and

Karen L. Salzman, MD

352 Ventriculitis

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and

Karen L. Salzman, MD

354 Empyema

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and

Karen L. Salzman, MD

358 Herpes Encephalitis Type 1

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

362 Miscellaneous Encephalitis

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA,

and Karen L. Salzman, MD

366 Rasmussen Encephalitis

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Gary L. Hedlund, DO

370 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Gary L. Hedlund, DO

372 Tuberculosis

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

376 Neurocysticercosis

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

380 Miscellaneous Parasites

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

384 Approach to Pediatric Inflammatory and

Demyelinating Diseases

Kevin R. Moore, MD

388 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Brain

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

392 ADEM

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and

Jeffrey S. Anderson, MD, PhD

396 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-

Associated Disease (MOGAD)

Kevin R. Moore, MD

INHERITED METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

400 Approach to Normal Brain Development and

Metabolic Disorders

Kevin R. Moore, MD and A. James Barkovich, MD

406 Hypomyelination

Blaise V. Jones, MD

410 MELAS

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

414 Mitochondrial Encephalopathies

Blaise V. Jones, MD

418 Mucopolysaccharidoses

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Bryson Borg, MD

422 Gangliosidosis (GM2)

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anna Illner, MD

426 Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anna Illner, MD, and Anne G. Osborn,

MD, FACR

430 Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy

Blaise V. Jones, MD

434 Zellweger Syndrome and Peroxisomal Biogenesis

Disorders

Blaise V. Jones, MD

436 X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC, and

Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

440 Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

444 Urea Cycle Disorders

Kevin R. Moore, MD and P. Ellen Grant, MD

446 Glutaric Aciduria Type 1

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

450 Canavan Disease

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and P. Ellen Grant, MD

452 Alexander Disease

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Anna Illner, MD

456 Megalencephaly With Leukoencephalopathy and Cysts

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Susan I. Blaser, MD, FRCPC

460 Vanishing White Matter

Kevin R. Moore, MD

464 X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth

Kevin R. Moore, MD

466 PKAN

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anna Illner, MD

470 Huntington Disease

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and James M. Provenzale, MD

474 Wilson Disease

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

ACQUIRED TOXIC/METABOLIC/DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS

478 Hypoglycemia

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and P.

Ellen Grant, MD

482 Kernicterus

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and P.

Ellen Grant, MD

484 Acute Hypertensive Encephalopathy, PRES

Luke L. Linscott, MD

488 Mesial Temporal Sclerosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

492 Cerebellitis

Luke L. Linscott, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

ANATOMY-BASED DIAGNOSES

VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS

494 Approach to Ventricular Anatomy and Imaging Issues

Kevin R. Moore, MD and A. James Barkovich, MD

498 Cavum Septi Pellucidi

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Anne

G. Osborn, MD, FACR

499 Cavum Velum Interpositum

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA, and Anne

G. Osborn, MD, FACR

500 Benign Enlarged Subarachnoid Spaces

Luke L. Linscott, MD

504 Hydrocephalus

Blaise V. Jones, MD

508 Aqueductal Stenosis

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

512 CSF Shunts and Complications

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

SELLA AND PITUITARY516 Approach to Pituitary Development

Luke L. Linscott, MD

522 Pituitary Anomalies

Luke L. Linscott, MD, Karen L. Salzman, MD, and Kevin R.

Moore, MD

526 Craniopharyngioma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

530 Hypothalamic Hamartoma

Luke L. Linscott, MD

SKULL, SCALP, AND MENINGES

534 Congenital Calvarial Defects

Kevin R. Moore, MD

538 Craniosynostoses

Kevin R. Moore, MD

542 Cephalocele

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

544 Atretic Cephalocele

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

548 Calvarial Fracture

Kevin R. Moore, MD

552 Intracranial Hypotension

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR

556 Fibrous Dysplasia

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

560 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Charles Raybaud, MD, FRCPC

564 Thick Skull

Kevin R. Moore, MD, Anne G. Osborn, MD, FACR, and Miral D. Jhaveri, MD, MBA

SECTION 2: HEAD AND NECK

TEMPORAL BONE AND SKULL BASE

568 Classification of Inner Ear Malformations

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

570 Labyrinthine Aplasia

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Luke L. Linscott, MD

572 Oval Window Atresia

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

574 Cochlear Aplasia

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Caroline D. Robson,

MBChB

576 Cochlear Hypoplasia

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

578 Cochlear Nerve and Cochlear Nerve Canal Aplasia-

Hypoplasia

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Caroline D. Robson,

MBChB

580 X-Linked Stapes Gusher (DFNX2)

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Caroline D. Robson,

MBChB

582 Common Cavity Malformation

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Caroline D. Robson,

MBChB

584 Cystic Cochleovestibular Malformation

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Caroline D. Robson,

MBChB

586 Large Vestibular Aqueduct

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

590 Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia-Aplasia

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Caroline D. Robson,

MBChB

594 Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Hilda E. Stambuk, MD

596 Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

600 CPA-IAC Arachnoid Cyst

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD

604 Congenital Cholesteatoma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

608 Acquired Cholesteatoma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

610 Skull Base Chondrosarcoma

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD

ORBIT, NOSE, AND SINUSES

614 Nasal Glioma

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

618 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

622 Nasal Dermal Sinus

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

626 Choanal Atresia

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

628 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

630 Juvenile Angiofibroma

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

634 Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

638 Macrophthalmia

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

640 Coloboma

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Christian Davidson, MD

644 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Bernadette L. Koch, MD

646 Orbital Dermoid and Epidermoid

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Christian Davidson, MD

650 Orbital Cellulitis

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

654 Orbital Vascular Malformations

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

658 Orbital Infantile Hemangioma

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

662 Retinoblastoma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK

666 Approach to Congenital Lesions of Neck

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

670 Lingual Thyroid

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

672 Oral Cavity Dermoid and Epidermoid

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Daniel E. Meltzer, MD

676 Reactive Lymph Nodes

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

680 Suppurative Adenitis

Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Nicholas A. Koontz, MD

MULTIPLE REGIONS, HEAD AND NECK

684 1st Branchial Cleft Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

688 2nd Branchial Cleft Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

692 3rd Branchial Cleft Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

696 4th Branchial Cleft Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

700 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

704 Cervical Thymic Cyst

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

708 Venous Malformation

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

712 Lymphatic Malformation, Cervical

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

714 Infantile Hemangioma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

718 Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Head and Neck

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

722 Brachial Plexus Schwannoma in Perivertebral Space

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR

724 Fibromatosis Colli

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

728 Rhabdomyosarcoma

Bernadette L. Koch, MD

732 Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumors

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB

734 Orbital Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and H. Christian Davidson, MD

SECTION 3: SPINE

CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS

CONGENITAL

740 Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

742 Ventriculus Terminalis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

746 Chiari 1 Malformation

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

748 Chiari 2 Malformation

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

750 Chiari 3 Malformation

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

752 Complex Chiari Malformation

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

754 Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development

Kevin R. Moore, MD

762 Myelomeningocele

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

764 Lipomyelomeningocele

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

768 Terminal Myelocystocele

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

772 Dorsal Dermal Sinus

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

774 Dermoid Cyst

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

778 Epidermoid Cyst

Kevin R. Moore, MD

782 Tethered Spinal Cord

Kevin R. Moore, MD

786 Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

790 Caudal Regression Syndrome

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

794 Myelocystocele

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

798 Anterior Sacral Meningocele

Kevin R. Moore, MD

802 Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst

Kevin R. Moore, MD

806 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Sara M. O`Hara, MD, FAAP

810 Craniovertebral Junction Variants

Kevin R. Moore, MD

816 Klippel-Feil Spectrum

Kevin R. Moore, MD

820 Failure of Vertebral Formation

Kevin R. Moore, MD

824 Vertebral Segmentation Failure

Kevin R. Moore, MD

828 Partial Vertebral Duplication

Kevin R. Moore, MD

830 Diastematomyelia

Kevin R. Moore, MD

834 Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element

Kevin R. Moore, MD

836 Neurenteric Cyst

Usha D. Nagaraj, MD

840 Lateral Meningocele

Kevin R. Moore, MD

844 Dorsal Spinal Meningocele

Kevin R. Moore, MD

848 Dural Dysplasia

Kevin R. Moore, MD

852 Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Kevin R. Moore, MD

856 Neurofibromatosis Type 2

Kevin R. Moore, MD

860 Achondroplasia

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

864 Mucopolysaccharidoses

Kevin R. Moore, MD

868 Sickle Cell Disease

Kevin R. Moore, MD

872 Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS

876 Developmental Spinal Stenosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

880 Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

882 Idiopathic Scoliosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

884 Idiopathic Kyphosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

TRAUMA

886 Apophyseal Ring Fracture

Kevin R. Moore, MD

DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

890 Schmorl Node

Kevin R. Moore, MD

894 Scheuermann Kyphosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

898 Congenital Scoliosis and Kyphosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

902 Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

INFECTIONS904 Pyogenic Osteomyelitis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

908 Tuberculous Osteomyelitis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS

914 Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

918 Neuromyelitis Optica

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

922 Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Spine

Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

924 ADEM

Kevin R. Moore, MD

926 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-

Associated Disease (MOGAD)

Kevin R. Moore, MD

928 Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD

932 Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES

NEOPLASMS

936 Osteoid Osteoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

940 Osteoblastoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

944 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst

Kevin R. Moore, MD

948 Osteochondroma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

952 Osteosarcoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

956 Chordoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

960 Ewing Sarcoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

964 Leukemia, Spine

Kevin R. Moore, MD

968 Neuroblastic Tumors

Kevin R. Moore, MD

972 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Lubdha M. Shah, MD

976 Angiolipoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

980 Spinal Lipoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

984 CSF Disseminated Metastases

Kevin R. Moore, MD

990 Myxopapillary Ependymoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

994 Astrocytoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Jeffrey S. Ross, MD

998 Spinal Ependymoma

Kevin R. Moore, MD

NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS

1002 Syringomyelia

Kevin R. Moore, MD and Blaise V. Jones, MD

1004 Epidural Lipomatosis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

1006 Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Kevin R. Moore, MD

SPINE POSTPROCEDURAL IMAGING

1010 Hardware Failure